ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is twofold: (a) to describe the motivational aspects and gains obtained by physically active former elite athletes and the barriers experienced by inactive former elite athletes comparing their reported exercise amount, and (b) to test whether the different motivations would predict their reported exercise amount. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 317 former athletes (Mage = 36.5, SD = 7.18 years) completed an online questionnaire assessing motivation, self-reported exercise and sport practice, stages of change, gains, and barriers. The main gains reported by former athletes were enjoyment, revitalization and positive health. Physically inactive former athletes (12.9%) spotted as the main barriers conflict with other activities, current physical fitness and lost access to facilities and resources. To promote healthy physical activity in the physically inactive population of former elite athletes, policy makers and physical activity organizers should emphasize positive health, social recognition and competition motives, which positively predict intrinsic regulation and vigorous physical activity.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é duplo: (a) descrever os aspectos motivacionais e benefícios obtidos por exdeportistas elite é fisicamente ativo e barreiras percebidas por fisicamente inativos, e (b) a testar um modelo motivacional que pode prever prática de atividade física nesta população. Um estudo transversal foi realizado. Havia 317 ex-atletas de elite (Medad = 36,5, DS = 7,18 anos). Eles preencheram um questionário on-line de motivações, quantidade de exercício, estados de mudança, benefícios e barreiras. Os principais benefícios foram diversão, revitalização e boa saúde. As principais barreiras para os inativos (12,9%) foram os conflitos com outras atividades, sua forma física atual e o fato de ter perdido acesso a recursos e instalações. Para promover a atividade física saudável na população de ex-atletas inativos, os programas de promoção devem enfatizar a boa saúde, o reconhecimento social e a competição, que preveem positivamente a regulação intrínseca e a atividade física.

RESUMEN El propósito de este trabajo es doble: (a) describir los aspectos motivacionales y beneficios que obtienen los exdeportistas de élite que se mantienen físicamente activos y las barreras que perciben los físicamente inactivos, y (b) probar un modelo motivacional que pueda predecir la práctica de actividad física en esta población. Se realizó un estudio transversal. Participaron 317 exdeportistas de élite (Medad = 36.5, DS = 7.18 años). Completaron un cuestionario en línea de motivaciones, cantidad de ejercicio, estados de cambio, beneficios y barreras. Los beneficios principales fueron la diversión, la revitalización y la buena salud. Las barreras principales para los inactivos (12.9%) fueron los conflictos con otras actividades, su forma física actual y el hecho de haber perdido acceso a recursos e instalaciones. Para promover actividad física saludable en la población de exdeportistas inactivos los programas de promoción deberían enfatizar la buena salud, el reconocimiento social y la competición, que predicen positivamente la regulación intrínseca y la actividad física.

The visualization of tools and manipulable objects activates motor-related areas in the cortex, facilitating possible actions toward them. This pattern of activity may underlie the phenomenon of object affordance. Some cortical motor neurons are also covertly activated during the recognition of body parts such as hands. One hypothesis is that different subpopulations of motor neurons in the frontal cortex are activated in each motor program; for example, canonical neurons in the premotor cortex are responsible for the affordance of visual objects, while mirror neurons support motor imagery triggered during handedness recognition. However, the question remains whether these subpopulations work independently. This hypothesis can be tested with a manual reaction time (MRT) task with a priming paradigm to evaluate whether the view of a manipulable object interferes with the motor imagery of the subject's hand. The MRT provides a measure of the course of information processing in the brain and allows indirect evaluation of cognitive processes. Our results suggest that canonical and mirror neurons work together to create a motor plan involving hand movements to facilitate successful object manipulation.

In this work a comparative performance analysis of different linear controllers tuned for several Cholette's bioreactor models at different steady states was realized. To this end the performance indexes IAE, ISE, ITAE, ISU and IADU were tailored for a multi-criteria decision techniques (MCDM) reformulation using PROMETHEE analysis. The results show the feasibility of formulated criteria based on performance distance approach; providing a method for evaluating the performance of linear controllers used on stable and unstable systems with multiple steady states.

En este trabajo se presenta un análisis comparativo del desempeno de diferentes controladores lineales desarrollados para el biorreactor de Cholette en sus diferentes modelos y estados estacionarios. Para tal finalidad, se emplearon y reformularon los índices de desempeño IAE, ISE, ITAE, ISU e IADU para evaluarlos mediante técnicas de decisión multi-criterio utilizando la metodología PROMETHEE. Los resultados demuestran la factibilidad del criterio formulado basado en el concepto de distancia de desempeño; proporcionando un método sistemático para la evaluación del desempeño de controladores lineales en sistemas estables e inestables y con multiplicidad de estados estacionarios.

A cápsula endoscópica do intestino delgado é um método diagnóstico efectivo para o diagnóstico da hemorragia gastrointestinal de origem obscura. O tratamento médico adequado da hemorragia por angioectasias intestinais ainda é controverso. O tratamento hormonal tem sido o mais frequentemente descrito mas os resultados não são uniformes e a endoscopia por cápsula endoscópica não tem sido utilizada em ensaios terapêuticos controlados. Apresentamos o caso de um doente de 78 anos que teve vários episódios de hemorragia gastrointestinal desde que iniciou tratamento com varfarina. A endoscopia por cápsula do intestino delgado foi diagnóstica, mostrando múltiplas angioectasias, algumas com hemorragia activa. Desde que a terapia com estro génios-progestagénios foi instituída não voltou a apresentar episódios de hemorragia e os níveis de hemoglobina aumentaram.

Small bowel capsule endoscopy is an effective diagnostic tool for patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Optimal medical therapy for intestinal angioectasia bleeding remains controversial. Hormonal therapy has been reported as effective, but no uniform results relative to its beneficial effect have been proved, and there are no therapeutic controlled trials using capsule endoscopy as a diagnostic method. We pre sent the case of a 87-year-old man who suffered from recurrent severe gastrointestinal bleeding since he started on warfarin therapy. Small bowel capsule was diagnostic, showing multiple angioectasias, some of them with active bleeding. Since estrogen-progestragen therapy was introduced no other bleeding episodes occurred and haemoglobin levels increased.

Ojective: The aim of this study is to test the utility os serum isoamylases and isolipases as determinated from patients with renal insufficiency. Material and methods: Serum levels of isoamylases and isolipases were determined in a group of sixty-eight patiens with renal disease, 32 of them suffering acute insufficiency and 36 with chronic renal failure undergoing regular hemodialysis, results obtained were compared from a population of 44 healthy adults. We used a new method for isolipases determination in serum based on its separation on agarose gel. Two forms of lipase, L1 and L2, were identified by this method and queantitated by densitometry. Results: Were found a significant increase of pancreatic isoamylase P2 and P/S isoenzymatic ratio in acute patients (p<0.001) as chronic (p<0.005). In both groups, the isolipase L1 activity and L1/L2 isoform ratio were showed significantly elevated (p<0.01). We studied the relationship between isoamylases and isolipases establishing the P2/L2 ratio (normal range <0.6) showing, in the two pathologic groups, significantly elevated values compared with the control group (p<0.001) and a positive and sifnificant correlation between the P2/L2 and P/S isoform ratios (r=0.76, p<0.005 in acute patiens; r=0.58, p<0.05 in chrónic patiens). Conclusion: The combined study of serum levels of isoamylases and isolipases could be an effective marker for diagnosis and evolution of associated pancreatitis with acute or chronic renal failure.

Objetivo: Estudiar la utilidad clínica de la determinación de isoamilasas e isolipasas en el suero de pacientes con insuficiencia renal. Material y métodos: Determinamos los niveles séricos de isoamilasas e isolipasas en un grupo de 68 pacientes con enfermedad renal, 32 con insuficiencia aguda y 36 con fallo renal crónico y sometidos a hemodiálisis, comparándose los resultados con los de una población de 44 adultos sanos. Utilizamos un nuevo método para la determinación sérica de isolipasas basado en su separación electroforética sobre gel de agarosa. Dos formas de lipasa, L1 y L2, fueron identificadas por este método y cuantificadas por densitometría. Resultados: Encontramos un aumento significativo de la isoamilasa pancreática P2 y del cociente isoenzimatico P/S tanto en los pacientes agudos (p<0,001) como en los crónicos (p<0,05). En ambos grupos la actividad de la isolipasa L1 y el cociente L1/L2 se mostraron significativamente elevados (p<0,01). Estudiamos la relación entre isoamilasas e isolipasas estableciendo el cociente P2/L2 (rango normal <0,6) encontrando, en los dos grupos patológicos, valores significativamente elevados respecto al grupo control (p<0,001) y una correlación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre los cocientes P2/L2 y P/S (r=0,76, p<0,05 en pacientes agudos; r = 0,58, p<0,05 en crónicos). Conclusión: El estudio combinado de isoamilasas e isolipasas séricas podría ser un marcador efectivo para el diagnóstico y evolución de la pancreatitis asociada al fallo renal agudo o crónico.